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Chapter 6Work, Life and Leisure Characteristics of the City Cities are the centres of political power, administrative network, trade andindustry, religious institutions and intellectual activity, and support various socialgroups such as artisans, merchants and priests. Three historical processes have shaped modern cities in decisive ways. The rise of capitalism The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world The development of democratic ideals. Industrialisation and the Rise of the Modern City in England The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted largenumber of migrants to the textile mills set up in the late 18thcentury. Five major types of industries employed large number of people. These were Clothing and footwear Wood and furniture Metals and engineering Printing and stationary Precious products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects ofprecious metal During the First World War (1914-18), London began manufacturing cars andelectrical goods. The number of large factories increased until they accounted fornearly one-third of all jobs in the city. Marginal Groups Women Lost their industrial jobs owing to technological developments and wereforced to work within households. A large number of women used their homes for increasing family income bytaking lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchboxmaking. In the 20thcentury, women got employed in wartime industries and officesand withdrew from domestic service. Children  Large numbers of children were pushed into low paid work by their parents,while many became thieves. The Compulsory Education Act of 1870 and the Factory Act of 1902 keptchildren out of industrial work. Housing Factories or workshops did not provide housing to the migrant workers. Instead,individual landowners put up cheap, and usually unsafe, tenements for the newarrivals. The unhygienic condition of slums highlighted the need of housing for the poor. There was widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the RussianRevolution in 1917. Workers mass housing scheme were planned for preventingthe London poor from turning rebellious. Attempts were made for decongesting localities, creating open spaces and reducingpollution. Large blocks of apartments were also built. Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War for easing theimpact of severe housing shortage. Between the two World Wars, the responsibility for housing the working classeswas accepted by the British state, and a million houses, most of them single-familycottages, were built by the local authorities. Transport in the City The London underground railway was introduced. It partially solved the housingcrisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city. 10thJanuary, 1863: The first underground railway in the world opened betweenPaddington and Farrington Street in London. Between the two World Wars, the London tube railway led to massivedisplacement of the London poor. Better-planned suburbs and a good railway network enabled large numbers to liveoutside Central London and travel to work. Social Change in the City In the Industrial city, ties between household members loosened, increasinglyhigher levels of isolation was faced and among the working class and the institutionof marriage tended to break down. The city encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women. The public space increasingly became a male preserve and the domestic sphere wasseen as the proper place for women.  The 19thcentury Chartism Movement was a movement demanding the votingrights for all adult males. The 10-hour movement demanded limited hours of work in factories. Women also demanded voting rights and the right to property from 1870s. Leisure and Consumption Various methods of recreation were adopted by the working class people in the 19thcentury. These included Cultural events such as opera, theatre and classical music performances. Working classes met in pubs to have a drink, exchange news and sometimesfor organizing political action. Libraries, art galleries and museums provided a glimpse of the Britishhistory. By the early 20thcentury, cinema became the great mass entertainment for mixedaudiences. The City in Colonial India The pace of urbanisation in India was slow under the colonial rule. In the early 20thcentury, no more than 11% of Indians were living in cities. Population in the Presidency towns rose considerably owing to the availability ofmajor ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army camps, as well as educationalinstitutions, museums and libraries. Bombay: The Prime City of India Bombay was a group of seven islands. 1661: The control of Bombay passed into the British hands after themarriage of Britains King Charles II to the Portuguese princess. Bombay became the principal Western port for the East India Company. Atfirst, Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. It became an important administrative and industrial centre of WesternIndia. 1819: Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency after theMaratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war. 1854: First cotton textile mill was established in Bombay 1919-1926: Women formed 23% of the mill workforce Late 1930s: Womens jobs were increasingly taken over by machines ormen  With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city, the crisis of housing andwater supply became acute by the mid-1950s. More than 70% of the working people lived in the thickly-populated chawlsof Bombay. Chawls were multi-storeyed old structures. Merchants, bankers and building contractors owned these chawls. Each chawlwas divided into one-room tenements with no private toilets. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in sheltersmade of corrugated sheets, leaves or bamboo poles. Town planning emerged from fears of social revolution and the fears aboutthe plague epidemic. 1898: The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was established. It focusedon clearing poor homes out of the city centre. Land Reclamation in Bombay The need for additional commercial space in the mid-19thcentury led to theformulation of several government and private plans for the reclamation ofmore land from sea. 1864: The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right of reclaiming theWestern foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. As population started growing in the early 19thcentury, every bit of theavailable area was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the sea. Bombay as the City of Dreams: The World of Cinema and Culture 1896: Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestlingmatch in Bombays Hanging gardens and it became Indias first movie. 1913: Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra By 1925, Bombay became the film capital of India. Many people in the film industry were migrants from cities such as Lahore,Madras and Calcutta. Cities and the Challenge of the Environment Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, whileexcessive noise became a feature of urban life. Black fog engulfed the towns owing to pollution, thereby causing bad temper andsmoke-related illnesses. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 did not work to clean the air assmoke was not easy to monitor or measure.  By 1840s: Towns such as Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws for controllingsmoke in the city. In Calcutta, high level of pollution was a consequence of the huge population thatdepended on dung and wood as fuel, and also the use of steam engines that ran oncoal. The railway line introduced in 1855 introduced a new pollutant-coal from Raniganj.1863: Calcutta became the first Indian city to get smoke nuisance legisla
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