How are constitutional changes made in a federal system ??

a. Constitutional Amendment Bill which aims to make changes in the constitution ,  requires special majority by both the houses of the parliament present and voting.

b. Any changes in the power structure between the Centre and the State requires special majority of the parliament and ratification by half of the the state legislature.

c. When an amendment aims to modify an article related to distribution of powers between the central government and the states, it is necessary that states must be consulted and give their consent. 

d. Therefore, any changes in the distribution of powers between the centre and the state requires to be passed by the Union Parliament with 2/3rd majority of both the houses separately and requires ratification of  half of the state legislatures by simple majority before an amendment comes into effect.


Regards